Paper - 1172 Words

Introduction Electronic Health Record (EHR) compliance is expected to achieve better clinical outcomes, improved population health outcomes, increased transparency and efficiency, empowerment of individuals, and more robust data for research on health systems (Health IT). The determination of this paper aims to evaluate the flow of information as it travels with patients as they enter the emergency room, up to and including a skilled nursing facility stay. Over the last decade an emphasis has been placed on transitioning from paper based documentation to electronic based computerized systems. The centers for Medicaid and Medicare place such high emphasis on this transition that monetary incentive including higher reimbursement rates†¦show more content†¦The identified barrier in this transition of care from acute care to a skilled level when information is copied and the hard-copied chart is sent with the patient on their transport to the skilled facility. This process leaves room fo r many errors, when we rely on nursing personnel who are extremely busy to remember to send all the pertinent information for the accepting physician. Currently the admission process for potential admission starts with the clinical admission director a designated registered nurse (R.N.) that reviews the electronic health record and reviews that patient at the bedside. The designated RN faxes the centers admission director with progress notes and a history and physical for acceptance or a denial. The center admission director grades the patient against a pre-admission check list to determine if they are appropriate. The current length of stay in a skilled setting is based on payer source. For example, a straight Medicare patient has the skilled benefits that can occur for 100 days, whereas a patient with a managed plan like Humana have weekly progress reports that are sent to a case manager, and that case manager dictates their length of stay. 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Imperialism in Africa - 2182 Words

Explain what is meant by the term imperialism. Discuss the causes of imperialism in the 1800s. Kamar Findlay ID# 092165839 Mico University College Imperialism in Africa Mrs. Pitter October 29, 2011 Imperialism is the creation and or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination (Johnston, 2000.p.375). In its simplest form Farah and Karls (2001) describes imperialism as one country’s domination of the political, economical and social life of another country. The Europeans imperialism during the 1800s occurs out of the advantages of strong economies, well organized governments and powerful armies and navies.†¦show more content†¦Nationalism in the extreme promotes the idea of national superiority. Industrialized countries therefore felt they had the right to take control of weaker areas. Countries also tried to increase their power through the control of more land and people. In the 1800s Europe underwent a renewed period of imperialism which was very sophisticated in its nature. Much emphasis was placed on gaining or controlling a colony. The resources and wealth gain from the colony was used to finance war and the army as well as the economy. The stronger a European military gets the more power full that country become in Europe and as such gaining the wealth from a colony could either break or build the power and prestige of a nation. When France for example, moved into West Africa, rival nations such as Britain and Germany seized lands nearby to halt further French expansion. In essence the Europeans taught of the colonies as a source of security. So strong and sophisticated was the sentiment of nationalism that it set of what was known as a ‘Scramble for Africa. West Africa was already known to the European but the interior was untouched. The Belgian king Leopold the second occupies and carry profitable economic activities in the Congo (South Central Africa). Before long Britain, France, Germany and Italy were all lock in a tussle, pressing rivals claim to the region. According to Bickers and HenriotShow MoreRelatedImperialism in South Africa1078 Words   |  5 PagesDuring Imperialistic times South Africa was a region of great resources that was greatly disputed over (Ellis). Europe’s main goal during these times was to compete against each other and played a â€Å"game† of which country can imperialize more African countries than the other. Imperialism was a curse to South Africa, because many wars, laws, and deaths were not necessary and would not have happened if South Africa were not imperialized. Imperialism is the domination by one country of political, economicRead MoreImperialism and South Africa1440 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism’s Effect on South Africa Imperialism was a movement that affected all parts of the world, beginning as early as the 19th century. Wealthy and established nations would annex and take control of underdeveloped nations and civilize them. This may sound good in theory, but Imperialism seemed to take advantage of the so-called â€Å"inferior† nations more than truly help them. The economic superpowers seized the land of the territories they thought to be subordinate, using it as trading depotsRead MoreImperialism in Africa Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesMelissa B5 Imperialism in Africa In the late 1800’s Europeans took over Africa, took their resources,enslaving the Africans, and changed the course of history. The Europeans took over Africa, which is called The Scramble For Africa, in 1884-1914. The Europeans took over because Africa was rich in raw materials, they wanted power, and they thought their culture was superior. The driving force behind imperialism was need for resources, political competition, and technological advances. One drivingRead More Imperialism in Africa Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism in Africa Imperialism is defined as one country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. In Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, imperialism was present and growing. The main countries involved in the imperialism in Africa were the French, German, and Great Britain. The French’s empire was mainly in North and West Africa while Britain’s colonies were scattered throughout the continent. Germany ruled over such countries as TanganyikaRead MoreImperialism In South Africa Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Lebanon, â€Å"So long as there is imperialism in the world, a permanent peace is impossible†. Throughout history the countries that have experienced imperialism from other countries have seen how it brings only conflicts and not peace. Africa has been one of the largest places to experience imperialism. Imperialism has affected Africa in many ways for a long time. However, one specific example of how imperialism broug ht anguish to people is the country of South Africa. An abundance of resources, butRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1457 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism By the late 19th and early 20th century, Europe was expanding its borders. In an attempt to grow its economy and culture, Europe’s superpowers began to search for new soil. Africa was an easy target; it wasn’t politically secure and it wasn’t modernized. In addition, it had reliable soil which would enable Europe to produce cash crops. European nations began to pour into Africa, called the Scramble for Africa. Soon, Europe took control of Africa, taking raw materials and destroyed AfricanRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesDisease and Imperialism in Africa      Ã‚  Ã‚   Diseases were prevalent in Africa during the time of European Imperialism. Disease affected both natives and European peoples in Africa. African diseases affected both natives and European explorers and soldiers as well as diseases brought by the Europeans that affected the Africans.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Numerouks diseases impadcted the Europeans in Africa during the time of Imperialism.   During the time of Imperialism many explorers and soldiers died of diseaseRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1518 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol of regions in Africa and set up colonies there. In the beginning, colonization caused the Africans little harm, but before long, the Europeans started to take complete control of wherever they went. The Europeans used their advanced knowledge and technology to easily maneuver through the vast African landscape and used advanced weapons to take control of the African people and their land. The countries that claimed the most land and had the most significant effect on Africa were France, EnglandRead MoreMotives for British Imperialism in Africa5664 Words   |  23 PagesMotives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regionsRead MoreAfrican Imperialism And Its Effects On Africa1954 Words   |  8 PagesAfrica became known as the â€Å"dark continent† through the Europeans eyes. Not only from the skin color of its inhabitants but also from the vast lands still undiscovered. Due to the Europeans’ view that Africa had a backward sense, they believed it was their responsibility to help. Conflict arose from the creation of a new society resulting in ethnic feuds and imperialism. European imperialistic powers subjugated Africa to strengthe n their own economy. Africa’s rich supply of resources such as a large

Hero Honda Success Free Essays

‘Motorcycles are a hit in rural areas’ Monday, April 15, 2002 Many continue to be surprised at the ability of India ‘s 2-wheeler segment to buck the present recessionary trend in the economy. What, they ask themselves, accounts for such resilience: competitive pricing? Quality? Technology? Or, is it ready availability? Mr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal, chairman, Hero Group of Companies, addresses some of these issues in an interview with Soumya Kanti Mitra. We will write a custom essay sample on Hero Honda Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now What makes the 2-wheeler segment so impervious to demand fluctuations? A 2-wheeler is the most necessary consumer durable good owned by lower Middle, and middle class, households. There is multiple ownership of this product in such households. Firstly, there is an income effect that influences 2-wheeler demand. Per Capita GDP growth of 3. 7 per cent per annum has been pushing households up into higher income brackets. The push effect is more in lower and middle- income groups – hence the increased demand. It also links up with the higher contributions of the service sector to GDP; the income impact of that has been greater on lower income households. A second major reason is the inadequate public transport. The percentage of people who use public transport has fallen from 85 per cent to 75. Entry-level transport options like two- and three-wheelers have mostly filled this gap. They have also become a sort of necessity and thus do not show heavy fluctuations in demand. Increased demand for two-wheelers from households has also led financial institutions to increase credit in a sustained way in the last three or four years. That too has imparted stability to this item, compared to others. A good proportion of sales owes to replacement demand. Are motorcycles gaining an edge over scooters? What is your experience as a market leader? There are few fresh issues with scooters. Firstly, the technology was dated. Secondly, most were two-stroke vehicles, less fuel-efficient compared to motorcycles. The only advantage was that one could carry along a spare tyre. But motor- cycles have been preferred in rural areas for better ground clearance, larger wheels and better suspension. They can easily be used on rough roads. Scooters are preferred in urban segments. New generation vehicles with four-stroke engines may soon hit the market and that will boost the sagging scooter market. For the last two years scooters sales have been less than a million per annum. Are you, and others in the industry, planning changes in output and investment? Considering the developments in household incomes and transport requirements we believe that the average annual growth of 2-wheelers for the next three years should be of around 8-10 per cent. There is over-capacity, but investments may be made in individual instances. The demand for motorcycles, however, is expected to grow by 15-18 per cent. That should attract investments. Abroad, certain top-end models in BMW’s, Honda’s or Ducati’s ranges have actually become ‘lifestyle’ statements for executives. Do you see anything like that happening in India ? The next 2-3 years may see a small beginning with the introduction of high-end motorcycles. But the concept is too early for India . We do not have nice roads where the customer can ride such high-end bikes. With affordability not being widespread, who will manufacture to cater to such small volumes? We may see some inroads after imports get fully liberalised, but I think it is early days for that. Are exports from the sector under siege owing to the international slowdown? That could be a major factor. Also, there is over capacity in most countries in the 2- wheeler industry. Markets in Latin America and Africa are impacted, while intra- Asian trade is very competitive. How to cite Hero Honda Success, Papers

Role of Culture in Developing Ethical Practices of Business

Question: Discuss about the Role of Culture in Developing Ethical Practices of Business. Answer: Introduction In the organisations, culture plays an important role in defining the behaviour and attitude of employees and other stakeholders. It also helps the firms to ensure their success by providing better products and services to the customers. Along with this, the culture also impacts on the decision-making process of the firm and the ethics of employees actions (Guiso, Sapienza and Zingales, 2015). For this, it is essential for the firms to create and maintain an effective corporate culture with a focus on ethics. In this way, this paper critically analyses the literature for the role of culture in developing ethical practices and activities of the organisation. Corporate Culture Buschgens, Bausch and Balkin (2013) define the corporate culture as one of the basic elements of innovation process. It is because, through an effective corporate culture, the firms are enabled to enhance their abilities to create and commercialise new technologies. In their study, Buschgens, Bausch and Balkin (2013) also define the corporate culture as the complex set of values, beliefs and assumptions that support the organisations to conduct their business activities significantly. The basis of organisational culture is related to the shared values, which are communicated by the organisational members. Cohn, Fehr and Marechal (2014) support the above by defining that most of the organisations consider organisational culture as a tool and technique that creates the facilitating environment, which helps the companies to complete their business activities in ethical ways. Abratt and Kleyn (2012) exhibit that corporate culture is the corporate values that the staff and management of the organisation retain in order to improve the positive organisational behaviour and to achieve the organisational objectives. In this, the corporate culture is essential for the firms to enhance their positive behaviour and attitude in the marketplace in order to achieve their targets and to achieve competitive advantages in the respective industries. According to Toussaint and Berry (2013), an effective corporate culture leads the organisation to improve the operations and services to provide satisfaction to the customers. In this, creating a lean culture is effective for the firm to make continuous improvement in the organisational environment so that employees can learn new and ethical attitude and behaviour to solve the organisational issues and problems. On the other hand, in the study Schwartz (2013) defines the corporate culture and develops the direct relationship between corporate culture and ethical behaviour. In this, Schwartz (2013) states that in the organisations, ethical values help the management members to retain the sustainable and ethical corporate culture, which also ensures the success of the organisation at the national and international marketplace. Ethics and Ethical Climate In general, ethics refer to the study of principles or values that determine whether the actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad. In the views of Michaelson, et al. (2014), in the organisation, ethics refer to the processes that create the alignment of individual actions and the moral codes. In this, ethics plays an important role in analysing the moral processes and describe them in order to improve the behaviour of employees and other stakeholders. But, Kuntz, et al. (2013) contrast that in the organisations, ethics and moral are two different terms, where ethics examines the principle of right and wrong. On the other hand, morale is a belief that society has about the right and wrong in the communities. According to Chun, et al. (2013), corporate ethics can be defined as the employees perception related to their firms ethical practices, which help the firms to predict the outcomes and also improve the satisfaction and commitment level of employees. But, Wang and Hsieh (2013) oppose that ethics are effective in the ethical climate in the organisation. It is because the ethical climate helps the employees and other stakeholders to adopt the ethical practices and develop the ethical behaviour to achieve the organisational objectives. Without the ethical climate, the employees may be discouraged to perform their work and get motivated to achieve organisational objectives successfully. Importance of Culture in Developing Ethical Behaviour and Practices of Business Valentine et al (2011) suggest each and every company is defined by its ethical culture as it is a unique and true identity of a company. Sometimes, companys product, strategies as well as techniques can be duplicated but, culture cannot be copied as it is related to the norms and values of an organization because culture represents the personality of the business. Gokmen and Ozturk (2012) describe that the way in which company and team interact with one another as well as with the outside world such as suppliers and partners are defined by an organizational culture. Business ethical culture is a formula, strategy to inspire, guide, and motivate employees to achieve organizational goal. Culture is basic criteria for creating happy, fun and work environment of business. Companys ethical work climate is significant to identify the ethical uniqueness of the work surroundings. Ardichvili and Jondle (2010) exhibit that retaining and attaining great talent for a company can be achieved by the help of good as well as positive environment within the company. A culture of a company should be taken seriously by the business to attract more partners, have an increased amount of profit, and enjoy great success. Additionally, strong culture of business helps to retain employees i.e. fewer turnover rates as compared to others. This results in saving money as well as a time of the company. Salehi, Saeidinia and Aghaei (2012) if the culture of a company is good, then it will surely contribute to the happiness of employees with happy employees with high productivity. Schneider, Ehrhart and Macey (2013) mentions that 42% of employees think that businesss ethical integrity is significant to take working decisions at the company. Culture is most important factor for employees to determine what kind of business practices, employee treatment is considered by the company to make people work there instead of the services, quality, and price offered by the company. Eisenbein and Brodbeck (2014) state that practicing good ethics may not be easy for the business, however, culture is must have rather than good to have in an organization. Further, a business relationship can be made strong by ethical business practices in the company to have a professional image among clients, vendors, and future business partners. Demuijnck (2015) state that good business ethics of the company helps in creating very strong business relationships that result in the source of financing, lower product costs, repeated customers along with the growth of a company. This benefits business contracts as well as business for surviving long in the competitive market. Also, strong ethical business practices can result in valuing strong company brand and business reputation in the market. As illustrated, if the company provides value in its services then customers will believe the company and also go for repeat purchase of the product or services. Guerci et al (2015) state that business ethics of a firm can help it to stay ahead of the competition along with fewer business practices. Risk of damaging business reputation can be minimized to a larger extent by building ethics into the organizational culture. For example, if a wrong action or an unethical transaction has taken place by an employee with a customer, then few seconds will take place to spread this information by the customer which will hurt companys reputation. Hence, Garegnani, Merlotti and Russo (2015) said that the company must build ethics into performance expectations for employees to have security against this negativity. If transparency of business ethics is practiced by an organi zation in its culture then it will surely result in customer loyalty. Moreover, organization can share videos of how the company practices recycling the product to benefit the environment. Along with this, Banutu-Gomez (2014) corporations should not forget to share news on volunteer programs and charities to attract more potential customers towards them. With the help of transparency, a company can increase customer trust also satisfied customer will promote company over time. The company needs to practice ethics in its culture for increasing its market image. This can be done by the help of social responsibility towards society. Organization must practice as well as operate a business according to set ethical standards for which ongoing commitment is must. Fernando and Moore (2015) training on ethical marketing must be the basic of organizational culture. This may include giving warranties on the product, return policies for customers by the side of merchandise, supporting advertising promises, and telling the truth to the customers. Health care compliance such as product free from harmful substances along with the accountable business practices and code of conduct mu st also be included in the organizational culture. As illustrated, in the financial report of a company, correct figures of profitability and loss must be mention accurately. Eisenbein and Brodbeck (2014) this will result in gaining more trust of employees and shareholders as a part of practicing transparency in business. If the company's vulnerability to misconduct is decreased then it results in profitability cause of the company, management focus, and building brand image. Beside this, Trevino, Den Nieuwenboer and Kish-Gephart (2014) practicing ethics in business culture can help avoidance of fines. Because, companies and their employees need to deal with various local, national as well as international laws governing their business operation. Failure to these standards fulfillment may lead to time and resource cost, decrease brand image and customer loyalty. In addition to this, Lawton and Paez (2015) initiatives taken for strong ethics development can highly reduce the fines chance, resulting from illegal, misconduct, wrongful, and fraudulent activities conducted in the business world. Jondle, Ardichvili and Mitchell (2014) describe that culture plays an important role in developing and implementing effective mission and vision of the organisation, which significantly lead the firms to adopt ethical behaviour and practices to achieve these mission and vision. It is because mission and vision statements provide the directions to deliver the products and services to the customers in ethical ways. Nesbit and Lam (2014) support the above arguments by exhibiting that corporate culture helps the firms to identify the ways for developing the mission and vision in ethical ways and link them with the shared values. Due to this, the firms enable to improve the employees behaviour and attitude to meet this vision and mission statements at the end of the particular period. Trevio, et al. (2014) argues that the positive organisational culture creates the conditions where the behaviour is openly accessed, challenged, developed and rewarded. Due to this, the firms also enable to promote the ethical practices among the employees and other stakeholders, which lead the firms to achieve competitive advantages and to gain their objectives in the markets. On the other hand, Henderson, et al. (2014) define that in the organisation, culture is influenced by the several factors such as delegation of authority, assignment of responsibilities and the process of accountability. In this, proper communication of corporate culture such as code of conduct and job description helps the firms to promote the ethical behaviour and practices throughout the operational areas. Guiso, Sapienza and Zingales (2015) support the above and describe that corporate culture and compliance rules provide the incentives and opportunities to the ethical individuals to maintain their honesty and integrity at the higher level. Along with this, due to this, the ethical individuals effectively monitor, punish and correct the unethical individuals or behaviour within the firm. Conclusion From the above literature analysis, it can be concluded that the culture plays an important role in shaping the ethical practices and developing these practices to provide ultimate benefits to the organisation. The development and implementation of effective and positive corporate culture help the firms to improve the behaviour of employees and provide them guidance to conduct their practices in ethical ways. Due to this, the firms enable to enhance their brand reputation, recognition as well as provide better services to the customers to maintain relationship with them. References Abratt, R. and Kleyn, N. (2012) Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate reputations: Reconciliation and integration. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), pp. 1048-1063. Ardichvili, A., and Jondle, D. (2010) Review and Implications for HRD Integrative Literature Review: Ethical Business Cultures: A Literature, Human Resource Development Review, 8 (223), pp. 224-244. Banutu-Gomez, M. (2014) The role of culture, language, and ethics in global business, European Scientific Journal, pp. 231-242. Bschgens, T., Bausch, A. and Balkin, D. B. (2013) Organizational culture and innovation: A metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analytic review. Journal of product innovation management, 30(4), pp. 763-781. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N. and Kim, M. S. (2013) How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management, 39(4), pp. 853-877. Cohn, A., Fehr, E. and Marchal, M. A. (2014) Business culture and dishonesty in the banking industry. Nature, 516(7529), pp. 86-89. Demuijnck, G. (2015) Universal values and virtues in management versus cross-cultural moral relativism: An educational strategy to clear the ground for business ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 128(4), pp.817-835. Eisenbein, S. A., and Brodbeck, F. (2014) Ethical and unethical leadership: A cross-cultural and cross-sectoral analysis, Journal of Business Ethics, 122(2), pp. 343-359. Fernando, M., and Moore, G. (2015) MacIntyrean virtue ethics in business: A cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1), pp. 185-202. Garegnani, G. M., Merlotti, E. P., and Russo, A. (2015) Scoring firms codes of ethics: An explorative study of quality drivers, Journal of Business Ethics, 126(4), pp. 541-557. Gokmen, A., and Ozturk, T. (2012) Issues of Business Ethics in Domestic and International Businesses: A Critical Study, International Journal of Business Administration, 3 (5), pp. 82-88. Guerci, M., Radaelli, G., Siletti, E., Cirella, S., and Shani, A. R. (2015) The impact of human resource management practices and corporate sustainability on organizational ethical climates: an employee perspective, Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), pp. 325-342. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P. and Zingales, L. (2015) The value of corporate culture. Journal of Financial Economics, 117(1), pp. 60-76. Henderson, A., Burmeister, L., Schoonbeek, S., Ossenberg, C. and Gneilding, J. (2014) Impact of engaging middle management in practice interventions on staff support and learning culture: a quasià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ experimental design. Journal of nursing management, 22(8), pp. 995-1004. Jondle, D., Ardichvili, A. and Mitchell, J. (2014) Modeling ethical business culture: Development of the Ethical Business Culture Survey and its use to validate the CEBC model of ethical business culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), pp. 29-43. Kuntz, J. R. C., Kuntz, J. R., Elenkov, D. and Nabirukhina, A. (2013) Characterizing ethical cases: A cross-cultural investigation of individual differences, organisational climate, and leadership on ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), pp. 317-331. Lawton, A., and Paez, I. (2015) Developing a framework for ethical leadership, Journal of Business Ethics, 130(3), pp. 639-649. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M. and Dunn, C. P. (2014) Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(1), pp. 77-90. Nesbit, P. L. and Lam, E. (2014) Cultural adaptability and organizational change: a case study of a social service organization in Hong Kong. Contemporary Management Research, 10(4), pp. 303. Salehi, M., Saeidinia, M., and Aghaei, M. (2012) Business Ethics, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 2(1), pp. 1-5. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., and Macey, W. H. (2013) Organizational climate and culture, Annual review of psychology, 64, pp. 361-388. Schwartz, M. S. (2013) Developing and sustaining an ethical corporate culture: The core elements. Business Horizons, 56(1), pp. 39-50. Toussaint, J. S. and Berry, L. L. (2013) The promise of Lean in health care. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88 (1), pp. 74-82. Trevino, L. K., Den Nieuwenboer, N. A., and Kish-Gephart, J. J. (2014) (Un) ethical behavior in organizations, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, pp. 635-660. Trevio, L. K., den Nieuwenboer, N. A., Kreiner, G. E. and Bishop, D. G. (2014) Legitimating the legitimate: A grounded theory study of legitimacy work among Ethics and Compliance Officers. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2), pp. 186-205. Valentine, S., Godkin, L., Fleischman, G. M., and Kidwell, R. (2011) Corporate ethical values, group creativity, job satisfaction and turnover intention: The impact of work context on work response, Journal of Business Ethics, 98(3), pp. 353-372. Wang, Y. D. and Hsieh, H. H. (2013) Organizational ethical climate, perceived organizational support, and employee silence: A cross-level investigation. Human Relations, 66(6), pp. 783-802.